She is on editorial boards for Vaccine, BMJ Open and Epidemiology & Infection, and has served on numerous expert committees including for WHO, IOM and OIE. She also has an interest in the ethics of medicine, and specifically in dual-use research of concern in the fields of synthetic biology and genetic engineering, and the risk this poses to biosecurity. Her passion for field epidemiology led her to co-found the ARM network for Australian field outbreak response. Her in-depth understanding of the science of outbreak investigation draws from this experience combined with her clinical training as a specialist physician and her academic training through a Masters and PhD in Epidemiology. She is a graduate of the Australian Field Epidemiology Training program and has extensive experience in shoe-leather epidemiology of infectious diseases outbreaks.

Her research is underpinned by extensive field outbreak investigation experience. She has over 370 publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has a 20 year track record in public health control of infectious diseases including vaccinology, surveillance and program design. She is an expert in influenza epidemiology, adult vaccination, bioterrorism and rapid epidemic intelligence and has led the largest body of research internationally on face masks and respirators in health care workers. Her research includes personal protective equipment, vaccinology, epidemics of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism prevention. As Head of the Biosecurity Program, she leads research in epidemiology, vaccinology, bioterrorism prevention, mathematical modelling, public health and clinical trials in infectious diseases. She is a dual-specialist physician with extensive track record in infectious diseases, vaccines and transmission dynamics of pathogens. Professor Raina MacIntyre (MBBS Hons 1, M App Epid, PhD, FRACP, FAFPHM) is Professor of Global Biosecurity at the Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney.

3 criteria for causality